Biology = the
science of life which includes the study of organisms and _________________
Organism = any
living thing, therefore anything that possesses _____ of the characteristics
necessary for life
6 Characteristics
of Living things
1. Cells-
all living things are composed of cells
2. Organization-cells can be
organized into _________, _________, and _________
3. Reproduction-the
production of ______________
\reproduction is not essential for an individuals survival,
but is necessary for the
____________ of the species
Species = a group of
organisms that can interbreed and produce ____________ offspring
4. Growth and Development-
all living things are capable of either growth or development
or both
Growth = an increase in the
______________ of cells or the ____________ of cells
Development = the
__________________ that occur in an organism during its life span
Life Span = the period of time
from birth to death which includes birth, growth,
maturity, decline, and death.
5.
Responds to
Environment-all living things are capable of responding to
environmental
stimuli
Stimulus = any factor that
produces activity or causes a living thing to make an
_________________________ (light, heat, temperature, chemicals)
Response
= an organism’s _______________ to a stimulus (flinch, shiver, duck)
Behavior
= a complex ________ of _______________
6.
Adaptation-organisms
are able to adapt to the environment due to favorable traits,
structures, behaviors, and processes (sweating, diet, water
consumption)
7 Themes in Biology
1. Energy- the ability to do ___________ or make things move
•all energy
comes from the __________
•all organisms
use energy
Two ways to obtain energy:
autotroph=an
organism capable of ______________ sunlight into food (plants)
heterotroph=an
organism which must eat other organisms to ________ energy (animals)
2.
Systems and
Interactions- separate entities interacting to form a
_____________ whole
(digestive system, circulatory system)
3.
Unity Within
Diversity- (ecology) the study of ecosystems and how they act
and react
to ____________________
4. Homeostasis/Development/Structure &
Function- regulation of
life and life
development
(morphology, multicellular, unicellular)
Homeostasis-the _________ of
an organism’s internal environment, to _______
conditions suitable
for life
5. Evolution –a ____________ change
over ________ due to natural selection and adaptation
Phylogeny-the evolutionary history of organisms
6. Reproduction and Inheritance-
the ______________ of traits and genes (short segments of DNA)
from
parents
Traits are passed on by:
sexual reproduction-the
combining of genetic material from ________ parents, which forms
offspring different
from parents
asexual reproduction-no combining of genetic
material because there is only
__________ parent, which forms offspring identical to parent
Therefore, all organisms come from preexisting organisms!
7. Science and Society-science is
ever changing with new discoveries being made everyday
society, ethics, bioethics-how
biological knowledge _______________ be used
Definitions:
A. Science- body of knowledge gained by
_______________ and _______________
B. Scientific
methods- the common _______________ that scientists use to
gather
information
to solve problems
C. Hypothesis- a _______________ explanation for a
question or problem
**it
is not a random guess. A
scientist makes a hypothesis based on:
1. experience
2. research
3. experiments
4. reasoning
D. Inductive Reasoning-
reasoning from a particular set of ________ to a general rule
E. Deductive Reasoning-
suggesting something may be true from ____________ rules already
known (i.e.: If…
then…)
F.
Safety- always protect yourself and others. (Safety symbols- warning signs about
______________
associated with labs)
G.
Theories- an
explanation of a rational phenomenon that is supported by a large body of
______________ evidence,
gathered by many scientists over a long time
H.
Law- ______________of nature.
(i.e.: a dropped apple falls to the ground. =*law of gravity)*
I.
Science and Society- scientific research provides society with
______________
that can be put into
practical use
Ethics- ______________ we use this
information? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of the information?
Microscopes
A. Microscope- an instrument that can form an
enlarged image of an object
Types:
1.
Compound
Microscope- uses light; has several lenses; image appears ______________;
magnifies
______________ specimens
2. Stereomicroscope- uses light; has several lenses; magnifies
_____________objects; image is ______________
3. Transmission
Electron Microscope (TEM) - uses a beam of ____________ to focus,
“see”
through a small or
thin specimen, flat image
4.
Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) - surface scan of whole specimen; 3-D
5.
Scanning tunneling Microscope-
maps surface of specimen __________by _____________
C. Resolution- the ability of a
microscope to increase the ______________ detail of an object
D. Magnification- increases the
object’s ______________
Some other Tools
of the Biologists
Ø
beakers
Ø
test tubes
Ø
hot plates
Ø
computer
Ø
graduated cylinders
Scientific Processes:
A.
Observing and Collecting ______________
1.
Observing- using one or more of the 5
______________ to perceive things
2.
Collecting- gathering and ______________ data
B.
Measuring- determining the
______________ of an object, ______________ of objects, and ______________
something lasts
**quantitative data**
C. Organizing Data- use
______________, charts, tables, computers, etc.
D. Classifying- grouping objects or
organisms to establish a ______________
E. Hypothesizing-
the process of forming ___________ statements about observations
F. Predicting- to state in advance the
______________ you think will be obtained from the experiment
**deductive reasoning**
(If… then… statement)
G. Experimenting- the process of
testing a hypothesis or prediction under ______________
conditions
Test
groups:
1. The
control group
2. The
experimental group
Independent
variable- the part of the experiment_____________
Dependent variable- the response to
the changed condition that can be ______________
H. Analyzing Data- determine whether the data
______________ or
______________the
prediction or hypothesis
I. Inferring- the process of drawing ______________
based on facts instead of perceptions
J. Modeling- constructing a ______________ of an
object, system, or process
to show ______________ between data
J.
Communicating- ______________
information in journals, meeting,
Internet (Saving time
and money)
VI. Safety Symbols
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DISPOSAL ALERT
This symbol appears when care must be taken to dispose of
materials properly.
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ANIMAL SAFETY
This symbol appears whenever live animals are studied and
the safety of the animals and the student must be ensured.
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BIOLOGICAL SAFETY
This symbol appears when there is danger involving
bacteria, fungi, or protists.
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RADIOACTIVE SAFETY
This symbol appears when radioactive materials are used.
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OPEN FLAME ALERT
This symbol appears when use of an open flame could cause
a fire or an explosion.
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CLOTHING PROTECTION
SAFETY
This symbol appears when substances used could stain or
burn clothing. A laboratory apron
should be worn when this symbol appears.
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THERMAL SAFETY
This symbol appears as a reminder to use caution when
handling hot objects.
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FIRE SAFETY
This symbol appears when care should be taken around open
flames.
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SHARP OBJECT SAFETY
This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or puncture
caused by the use of sharp objects exists.
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EXPLOSION SAFETY
This symbol appears when the misuse of chemicals could
cause an explosion.
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FUME SAFETY
This symbol appears when chemicals or chemical reactions
could cause dangerous fumes.
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EYE SAFETY
This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this
symbol appears.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
This symbol appears when care should be taken when using electrical
equipment.
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POISON SAFETY
This symbol appears when poisonous substances are used
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PLANT SAFETY
This symbol appears when poisonous plants or plants with
thorns are handled.
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CHEMICAL SAFETY
This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or
are poisonous if absorbed through the skin.
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