Biology I

Chapter 8

Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

 

Chapter 8 Terms

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY                                             PHOSPHOLIPID  

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL                                                   DIFFUSION

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM                                                                OSMOSIS

ISOTONIC SOLUTION                                                        PLASMOLYSIS

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION                                                   TURGOR PRESSURE

CONTRACTILE VACUOLE                                                                TRANSPORT PROTEIN

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION                                                 ENDOCYTOSIS

PASSIVE TRANSPORT                                                       EXOCYTOSIS

FACILITATED DIFFUSION                                                               ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ANAPHASE                                                                          INTERPHASE

CANCER                                                                                METAPHASE

CELL CYCLE                                                                         MITOSIS

CENTRIOLE                                                                          PROPHASE

CENTROMERE                                                                    SISTER CHROMATID

CHROMOSOME                                                                  SPINDLE

GENE                                                                                     TELOPHASE

 

Homeostasis- state of biological balance that is necessary for life;

balance between a cell and its______________;

 

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

           

1. Cellular- the _________of oxygen and carbon dioxide, or nutrients and wastes.

 

2. Organ- the ___________of nitrogenous wastes from the blood by the kidneys.

 

3. Organ System- groups of organs working together to maintain balance;

                   example: food digested in the intestine is carried by blood to cells.

 

4.Organism- at rest during the winter is hibernation; summer rest is estivation.

 

MOLECULAR MOVEMENT

 

Diffusion- the spreading of ___________from an area of ____________concentration to an area of ____________concentration; from high to low levels of concentration.

 

Osmosis- the diffusion of__________:  temperature, pressure and concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion; the movement of ____________(H2O) molecules from high concentrations of H2O yield to low concentrations of H2O

 

Concentration Gradient- the ____________in concentrations of a substance             _____________________________.

 

Equilibrium- molecular concentration is the________________.

 

Semi permeable- allowing_____________, but not all materials to pass through.

 

                                                                                                           

Hypotonic Solution- less concentration of solute ___________than inside the cell; higher water concentration outside; i.e. 30% water, 5% solute; H2O enters cell

30% solute concentration

 

5% solute concentration
 

 

Hypertonic Solution- greater concentration of solute _________than inside cell; lower water concentration outside; H2O leaves the cell
 

 

Isotonic Solution- equal concentrations of _________on either side of the membrane.

30% solute concentration

 

30% solute concentration
 

 

Kinetic Energy- energy of motion, which is responsible for diffusion.

 

 

OSMOSIS & CELL CONDITION

 

  1. Turgor Pressure- pressing of the plasma membrane _______________the cell wall due to high water pressure; causes rigidity.

 

  1. Plasmolysis- _______of turgor pressure which causes wilting or the cell to collapse; (________________- to wilt); caused by a hypertonic environment.

 

  1. Cytolysis- bursting of a cell due to ______________water pressure; caused by a hypotonic environment.

 

  1. Contractile Vacuole- organelle found in protozoan which collect water, contract and squeeze water out. (so the little creature won’t explode!)

 

 

 

FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION

 

  1. _____________of the particles.

 

  1. Whether or not they are_____________________.

 

  1. Cell ________________- the concentration of particles inside and outside of cell.

 

  1. Structure of the______________________________.

 

 

 

TYPES OF TRANSPORT

 

  1. Passive Transport- the movement of ____________which requires ____ ______ __________ ; only kinetic energy. (two types: diffusion and osmosis)
    1. Carrier Transport Molecules- form of passive transport in which carrier molecules (____________in the plasma membrane) called permeases,  transport certain molecules ____________the membrane, release them and remain free to _______________the process; usually molecule specific and can also speed up the rate of diffusion;

 

THREE WAYS CARRIER MOLECULES WORK:

 

                                                               i.      Facilitated Diffusion- form of passive transport in which larger molecules such as glucose pass quickly across a cell membrane; works with the concentration gradient and speeds up diffusion

 

                                                             ii.      Gated Channels- a form of passive transport that allows _________molecules to pass through the protein controlled passages; some channels are permanently open and some channels open in response to _______________________stimuli.

                                                            iii.      Active Transport- the movement of molecules across a membrane through a permease against a concentration gradient, this requires using cell energy provided by_______. (An example is the sodium-potassium pump: a chemical mechanism that moves sodium ions, (Na+) ______of the cell and forces potassium ions, (K+) ______the cell.)  The shape of the carrier molecule is changed to allow this to happen.

 

  1. Endocytosis- process by which ________particles _______the cell by an infolding of the plasma membrane, this forms a pouch which pinches off and forms a vesicle in the cytoplasm.

Two types of Endocytosis

    1. Pinocytosis- the taking in of _______ or solutes; (large gulps of H2O)
    2. Phagocytosis- the taking in of large _________particles; (phagocytes in blood are W.B.C.’s.) solids

 

 

ENDOCYTOSIS:

                                                                                                           

 

 

 

  1. Exocytosis – the passage of _________molecules outside the cell, as the plasma membrane binds to a vesicle, it opens up and ________________contents.

(example: lipids, enzymes, hormones, waxes.)

 

EXOCYTOSIS:

 

 

                                      ***    Pre-AP Students ***

Essay on Test

 

            Explain in detail how the sodium potassium pump works. (Include labeled illustrations.)
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Cell Growth and Reproduction

 

I.   Purpose of Cellular Division

 

A.     _____________dead cells

B.     _____________worn out cells

C.     for ___________of an organism- (mitosis)

D.     for _____________________of an organism- (meiosis)

 

II.   Limitations of Cell Size

-- cells come in a variety of sizes

1.      from 8 micrometers (Red Blood Cell)

2.      to 1 meter (nerve cell) largest single cell = Giraffe neck nerve =            

                                                                           3+meters (15ft.)

 

A.  Diffusion-  O2 , glucose, and ATP diffuse through the cell, so cells can

      metabolize only as ________________as they get materials

B.  Surface Area to Volume Ratio

                 The ____________the volume of a cell the ____________the        

                  surface area available for particles to diffuse across.

                      C.  DNA

1.      most cells have only __________nucleus

2.      it takes time for the enzymes needed for making proteins to get to the nucleus

3.      \ the nucleus cannot control large amounts of cytoplasm

 

    D.  Cell Size Triggers Cellular Division

 

 

III.  Chromosomes

·        rod shaped structure that becomes ____________during cellular division they house the genes

·        ____________are short segments of DNA --genetic material

·        chromatin – DNA wrapped around a protein (___________is the protein used)

 

Chromosome

 

 


                                          centromere- holds the sister

                                                                chromatid together

 

 

 


                                                      sister chromatids

                       

 

Chromosome = 40% DNA +   60% protein                

                        # between of chromosomes vary per species                            

                        Humans = 46

                        Fruit fly = 8

                                    Adder’s Tongue fern=1260

      

Homologous pairs

a)      pair of similar chromosomes

b)      found in sexually reproducing organisms

                                   

 

    

 

                                      ýa homologous pair

 

 

·        2N= diploid= cell having ____chromosomes of a homologous pair

·        1N=haploid= cell having only ____________chromosome of a homologous pair

 

 

III.   Mitosis – the division of the nucleus resulting in ____ ____________offspring

-         ___________cell= a body cell

-         simple organisms (bacteria) use mitosis to reproduce

 

1.      continuous process

2.      contains 3 phases

a)      interphase

b)      mitosis

c)      cytokinesis

 

 

 

 

Mitosis = The asexual cell cycle

 

 

     A. Interphase – the _______________part of the cell cycle

 

1.      Gap 1-(G1) phase

a)      cell doubles in size

b)      organelles double in number (except nucleus)

2.      Synthesis – (S) phase – DNA replication

3.      Gap 2 – (G2) phase 

a)      rapid growth

b)      enzymes for division are made

           

     B. Mitosis – (_________________division stage)--produces two identical      

                          daughter nuclei

 

1. Prophase

a)      early prophase

i.                     chromatin coils to form _________________

ii.                   nucleolus and nuclear membrane _______________

iii.                  two centrioles appear where the nucleus was

 

b)      middle prophase

i.                     spindle fibers develop-

           2 types:                        

·        __________fibers- span from centriole to centriole

·        ___________________fibers- span from centriole centromere (responsible for                

                                 chromosome movement)

 

2. Metaphase

a)      chromosomes ____________________in center of cell                                (metaphase plate = equator)

b)      moved and held in place by __________________fiber

 

3. Anaphase- ___________________ step in cell cycle

a)      pairs of ______________separate and centromeres divide

b)      after separation the chromatids move to ______________poles

 

4. Telophase

a)      ________________ ________of chromatids are separated and grouped on opposite sides of cell

b)      centrioles and spindle fibers ____________________

c)      nucleolus and __________________ (1 each side)                                

d)      ____________ _________forms at margins of metaphase plate

 

    C.  Cytokinesis

a)      invagination continues until complete

b)      cytoplasm ______________in two

c)      organelles ______________between two sides

d)      results in_____________________, identical daughter cells

 

Cancer cells are cells that divide too rapidly.  Something has happened to them to mutate their time clock for mitosos. We will talk more about types of cancer at a later date.

 

Draw the steps of Mitosis,  Label all of the parts, be able to tell what happens each step