Biology I

Chapter 9

Photosynthesis and Respiration

ADP AEROBIC PROCESS

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC PROCESS

ATP CALVIN CYCLE

CHEMOSYNTHESIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN GLYCOLYSIS

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION LIGHT REACTIONS

PHOTOLYSIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATION

ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE ENERGY : All activities require energy.

Where does energy ultimately come from? _________________________

1. Photosynthesis

2. Respiration

Autotroph – make own _________(sunlight’s radiant energy)

Heterotroph – has to ________other things to get food

Plankton and fungus are both autotrophs and heterotrophs

*ALL LIFE ON EARTH DEPENDS ON AUTOTROPHS

What is Photosynthesis?

Process that converts sunlight _______________ to chemical energy _______________

Carried out in autotrophs, (mainly in plants, some bacteria and protests)

Why? _____________________________________________

CO₂ + H₂O + Energy ---> C₆H₁₂O₂ + O₂

(carbon dioxide plus water, in the presence of radiant energy, yields, glucose and oxygen gas)

4 Raw materials needed for photosynthesis

1. sunlight
2. water
3. CO2
4. chlorophyll (or another photosynthetic pigment)

What is Cellular Respiration?

The process that _______________the chemical energy (________) into usable energy (_______) for use by the cell

HOW GLUCOSE IS MADE, BROKEN DOWN and STORED ENERGY IS RELEASED

*All organisms use some form of respiration to obtain energy.

Energy = ________= Adenosine Triphosphate

Photosynthesis = absorbing the sun’s radiant light and transforming it into glucose

(done by producers = mainly plants)

Occurs in the chloroplasts

2 Pathways in Photosynthesis

1. Light RXNS = sunlight is trapped -> O₂ released

chromoplast and chloroplast

2. Dark RXNS = _______________ ________________= glucose is formed in the

Lumen -

inner space of a thylakoid

outer membrane

chloroplast and chromoplast

double membrane

(discovered by Melvin Calvin)

inner membrane

What color are chloroplasts?

____________ Why?_______________

Chlorophyll = ___________absorbing compound,

green pigment.

Green is _____________

_______________red, blue, and other colors

Types of Chlorophyll

a, b, c, d & bacteriochlorophyll

most common

a- Used by plants and algae

b- Used by plants, green algae, Euglenoid

Accessory Pigments – (pigments other __________________contain)

* They allow plants to use a greater ____________________of sunlight

2 major types of accessory pigments

1. Carotenoids – Orange, yellow, brown

a. in most plants

b. most common carotenoids

i. carotenes = orange, yellow

ii. xanthophylls = browns

2. Phycobilins – red, blue

Mainly in algae and bacteria

The Calvin Cycle – (1911--Melvin Calvin)

· occurs in stroma

another name for the dark reactions

· produces glucose which can be either

used quickly or stored as starch

3 photosynthesis routes

1. Calvin Cycle – occurs in different parts of a leaf, for the average plant
2. C₄ – _________climates

very efficient and quick, so makes a lot of glucose (corn)

3. C.A.M. –_____________ _____ ________– day/night cycles reversed (cactus)

stomata open at night so H₂O ________________________is less

Respiration

- the _________________of Energy stored in ________________

2 main types of respiration

1. ____________ similarities – both start with __________

2. ________respiration differences – fermentation does _____use O₂ , aerobic

respiration DOES work in the presence of ____

Glycolysis – the breakdown of 1 _____________molecule into 2 __________ ______molecules

- occurs in cytoplasm

- not require O₂

- 2 ATP made

4 Stages of Glycolysis

1. Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP = (adding a P to glucose, causing the P bonds to become unstable, so they break apart easily)
2. The product of step 1 breaks up into 2, 3C molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde)
3. The 2, PGAL are phosphorylated – NADH
4. P-bonds broken when PGAL becomes pyruvic acid

â

yields 4 ATP

Cellular respiration à 2 types à Aerobic & Anaerobic

Anerobic Respiration also known as……

_________________________= the breakdown of pyruvic acid _____________ __

Occurs in the Mitochondria

2 Kinds of Fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

1. Lactic acid fermentation

- _____________cells

-

Produces no ATP

When O₂ is in short supply

- Lactic acid is transported to ________________and converted to glucose

- Causes _________________and cramps in muscles

-

2. Alcohol fermentation

- __________________

- Pyruvic acid is converted into ___________________alcohol

Amt. of ATP produced

â

Glycolysis 2

Krebs 2

E. Trans 34

38 ATP total

Aerobic Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₂ + 6O₂ à 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + 38 ATP

- Produces most of the organisms Energy = in the form of ATP

- Occurs in _____________________

Review:

Ø photosynthesis is done in the chloroplasts of producers. Glucose, a 6 carbon sugar is the end product of photosynthesis.

Ø While glucose is floating through the cytosol on its way to the mitochondria, it must be broken down into 2, 3 carbon compounds. Why? Because the large glucose molecule will not fit through the mitochondrial membrane

Ø The process of breaking glucose apart is called Glycolysis.

Ø Glycolysis can be done either in the presence or absence of oxygen gas

Ø The end products of glycolysis are 2, pyruvic acid molecules

Ø As pyruvic acid travels through the mitochondria’s outer membrane, Step one of Aerobic respiration happens

Brief steps of Aerobic Respiration

All of the following steps MUST be done in the presence of oxygen gas for ATP to be made

1 – pyruvic acid is converted into acetyal CoA as it travels through the outer

mitochondrial membrane

2 – acetyal CoA enters the mitochondiria’s matrix where the __________Cycle begins.

Krebs cycle = central biochemical pathway of aerobic resp. = produces 2 ATP

3 – The (FADH and NADH) electron acceptors produced in Krebs Cycle go into

the highly folded inner membrane where the electron transport chain process

occurs.

4 – Electron transport chain is a series of processes that elevates electrons into

orbitals farther and farther away from their nucleus, and then allows the

electrons to “fall” back to their natural orbit. This “fall” releases large amounts

of energy which produces ATP by chemiosmosis

Aerobic Respiration yields = approx. 34 ATP + H₂O

More information for your reading enjoyment

AMP – Adenosine monophosphate

v a base compound – no energy involved

ADP – Adenosine diphosphate

v an energy trapper

v created by the cell

v held in the cytoplasm or in organelles

v (AMP + P = ADP)

P = phosphate

ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate

v energy storage molecule

v energy stored in the high energy phosphate bonds

v ADP + P ↔ ATP this is a REVERSABLE REACTION

Phosphorylation = when ATP gives up its stored energy (third phosphate breaks off), and goes back to ADP some other molecule accepts the free phosphate = gains energy