BIOLOGY 1

Chapter 13

Genetic Technology

1. Inbreeding vs. selective breeding

Inbreeding – breeding of closely ___________ individuals

· Allows breeds to consistently exhibit a trait

· Allows recessive traits to show up with _________ frequency

(Royal Hemophilia)

Selective Breeding – purposeful breeding for a ___________ trait

· Allows us to breed into plants disease and insect ______________

· Animals are bread for temperament or specific physical features

· Strawberries are bread to frost resistant plants so the strawberries can be grown in cooler climates

2. Test cross

*Crossing an __________ genetic type with a known ____________ recessive

- results of offspring phenotype(s) allows us to know the unknown

parent’s genotype

3. Gene Manipulation

transferring a small piece of DNA from one organism to another organism of a different species or the same species

a. Recombinant DNA

· A piece of DNA taken out of original source and added to a second organism’s DNA (the _______ DNA combination)

b. Transgenic organism

· organisms that have ______________ DNA

c. Genetic Engineering

· the process for ___________ DNA into small fragments and inserting it into a different organism

Four Steps in Genetic Engineering

1. ___________ DNA fragment wanted

2. ___________ fragment to a vector

3. ___________ vector into host’s DNA

4. ________ host, _________ for DNA sequence wanted

d. Restriction Enzyme

· an enzyme that _______ DNA into fragments at precise areas

e. Vector

· a means for the ___________ DNA to be transferred into host

two types of vectors:

1. mechanical-needles, “bullets”

2. biological-virus, plasmids (bacteria)

f. Gene Splicing

· the _______________ of DNA fragments

· uses restriction enzymes

· ends of DNA fragment are “sticky” and will attach to host DNA

g. Gene Cloning

· using genetic engineering to make ___________ copies of specific DN

· _________ – genetically identical copies of organisms

Why do we clone?

q food

q medicine

h. DNA sequencing

-fragments separated by placing on a gel and an electric current passing

through them

1. chop DNA into fragments

2. order fragments into proper sequence

3. study individual fragments

4. Applications of DNA Technology

a. Transgenic bacteria – genetically engineered bacteria that produce chemicals

that are _____________ to humans

b. Agriculture – strawberries can resist frost damage

c. Industry – breaks down _____________ into harmless by products (oil spills)

d. Medicine – treats human ______________

· dwarfism – makes human growth hormone

· cancer – interferon

· diabetes – insulin

e. Animals – produces __________ and _________ animals for food

(more milk, more meat per animal)

**cows making milk with vaccines already in it**

5. Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome

Genome – ___________ number of genes in the individual

humans – 46 chromosomes (how many individual genes?)

Human Genome Project

Many countries working together to map each _____________ gene in

humans.

Linkage map – shows __________ of a specific gene on a chromosome.

· The ___________ genes are on the linkage map, the more likely they

will cross over ___________

(red hair, fair skin, freckles)

Applications of Human Genome Project

· Diagnose genetic disorders

· DNA finger printing

· Gene Therapy

1. after you know you have the disease you can start to treat or cure it in the early stages

2. possibly take out unwanted gene and replace it with a healthy one

Read page 356 -- Bio Technology -- Vaccines