Biology 1 Chapters14-17

Evolution                               

 

 

EVOLUTION - the process where organisms  _____________________________________. ( this is a THEORY!!)

 

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION - living organisms developing from ____________ matter.

 

 

3 MEN, 3 EXPERIMENTS

Francesco Redi- 1600’s                    1. Observed maggots turn into flies

                                                          2. Observed maggots miraculously appear where flies had landed (on rotten meat)

                                                          3. Hypothesized, the rotten meat generated the maggots

 

Lazzaro Spallazani- 1700’s               1. Boiled broth until all organisms killed, then sealed the container.

                                                          2. Observed that no new organisms developed

                                                          3. Hypothesized that microorganisms only come  from other microorganisms

 

Louis Pastuer-1800’s                        1. Repeated Spallazani’s experiments and proved that

                                                              organisms only come from other organisms

 

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS living things come ONLY from other living things.

 

Infusions-liquids contaminated with ________________________.

 

FORMATION OF EARTH

·        5 billion years ago-___________________________ formed

·        4.8 billion years ago-sun formed

·        4.6 billion years ago-__________________________ formed

·        3.9 billion years ago-oldest rock from earth

·        3.8 billion years ago-__________________________ formed

·        3.5 billion years ago-earliest fossils formed

                                                                                                                        Chs.17-19, pg.2

fossil-the remains or traces of ________________________________ organisms

 

4 developments that had to occur for life to happen

  1. formation of simple organic compounds important to life________________________
  2. formation of complex organic compounds important to life (proteins)
  3. concentration of organic compounds
  4. chemical reactions between compounds to make __________________ products

 

 

alexander oparin-Soviet scientist that hypothesized that the early Earth atmosphere had in it:

      NH3   ___________________

      H2      ___________________

      H2O   ___________________

      CH3   ___________________

 

**These will form amino acids in hot environments**

 

Stanley Miller & Harold Urey-American scientists who simulated early Earth’s atmosphere in a

lab and spontaneously made amino acids from Oparin’s hypothetical gases

 

 

 

Coacervates- _________________ shaped droplet made up of different types of molecules

 

Microsphere- _________________ droplets made up of one type of molecule

 

 

Coacervates and microspheres are not living things because:

  1. They cannot metabolize
  2. They cannot acquire Energy from anything

 

Coacervates and microspheres are like living things because:

1.      They have a membrane boundary

2.      They can take up things from the environment

3.      They can have internal groups

4.      They can form chemical reactions inside their sphere

5.      They can grow and bud

 

Coacervates and microspheres gave rise to Prokaryotes (bacteria)

 

Prokaryotes:

      evolved 1st

      were water bound, therefore floated

 

Eukaryotes:                                                                          Chs.17-19, pg. 3

evolved 2nd, from one prokaryote swallowing another prokaryote

the swallowed prokaryote eventually evolved into an internal organ

 

THEORY OF ENDOSYMBOISIS- organelles evolved from internalized organisms (the bubble theory)

 

EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE

 

Fossil

·        the remains or _________________________ of an organism from the past

·        found most commonly in ______________________ rock

 

Resin

·        sap, pitch, amber

·        most ________________ formed fossils this way

·        preserves a lot of detail

·        preserves DNA

 

Imprint

·        a fossil with no organism parts preserved (a film of carbon remains)

      ( a photocopy )

Mold

·        an _____________________ made by an animal tracks, prints, burrows

 

Cast

·        when sediment fills in the cavity of the mold  (3D)

 

Ice

·        organisms preserved whole intact, frozen_______________________ preserved specimens

 

 

DATING FOSSILS

·        position of rock formation, the ________________ the rock, the _______________ the fossil

·        radioactive decay, carbon dating

               Half life- the time it takes for half the material to decay into another material

 

1.         C14 – half life of 5,700 years, accurate to 50,000 years.

2.         P40 – half life of 1.28 billion years, used to date older fossils

3.         U238 – used to date old sea fossils

 

 

 

EVIDENCE OF COMMON ANCESTRY                                    Chs. 17-19, pg. 4

1.            Morphology – structure, shape, form

2.            Homologous structures – structures share __________________________ trait, outside structures may look different but inside structures are similar (bat wing, human arm, dolphin fin)

3.            Vestigial organs – seemingly _________________ parts (human tail, whale pelvic bone)

4.            Biochemistry – metabolism based on similar chemical reactions (DNA made up of similar parts for all species, blood proteins similar across species)

 

Jean de Lamarck – 1809, Frenchman who hypothesized that traits could be ____________ and then passed on to offspring.  (If a person lost an arm in an accident, their children would be born missing that same arm.)

*******obviously a wrong hypothesis*******

 

 

Charles Darwin  - 1837,  British researcher who sailed on a ship called the _____________ to the ______________________ Islands.  Famous for studying Finches and wrote a book The Origin of Species in 1859.

·        The father of evolution

·        Theory of Natural Selection

·        Species with traits favorable to the environment will survive more often than others, and pass on their traits at a higher rate.

 

Adaptation  - An inherited variation that allows an organism’s _______________ in that environment.

 

4 PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION

 

  1. Adaptive Radiation – related species evolved from a ________________ ancestor, due to an isolated environment.
  2. Divergence Evolution – when 2 closely related species become more dissimilar, due to environment changes.
  3. Convergent Evolution – ______________ species become ________ similar because they inhabit the same environment.
  4. Co-evolution – the joint change of 2 or more species in close interaction (predator/prey co-evolution) i.e. bats and the flowers they feed on.

 

 

 

 

WHEN ORGANISMS EVOLVED                           Chs. 17–19, pg.5

 

I.     Cenozoic Era – 53 mya - 10,000 years ago.

        A.     Quaternary Period – 2.5 mya – 10,000 years ago.

                 1.)   Recent Epoch – modern _________________.

                 2.)   Pleistocene Epoch – woolly mammoths.

        B.      Tertiary Period – 53 mya – 2.5 mya.

                 1.)   Pliocene Epoch – apes & large carnivores.

                 2.)   Miocene Epoch – land mammals diversify.

                 3.)   Oligocene Epoch – horses & primitive apes.

                 4.)   Eocene Epoch – small horses.

                 5.)   Paleocene Epoch – ___________________ & first carnivores.

 

II.    Mesozoic Era – 195 mya – 65 mya.

        A.     Cretaceous Period – 135 mya – 65 mya.

                 Flowering plants emerge, dinosaurs die.

        B.      Jurassic Period – 195 mya – 135 mya

                 Age of the ___________________________ and birds emerge.

        C.     Triassic Period – 225 mya – 195 mya

                 First dinosaurs, mammals & conifer trees emerge.

 

III.   Paleozoic Era – 500 mya – 225 mya

        A.     Permian Period – 280 mya – 225 mya.

                 Seed plants

        B.      Carboniferous Period – 345 mya –  280 mya

                 ___________________

        C.     Devonian Period – 395 mya – 345 mya

                 ___________________ & amphibians

        D.     Silurian Period – 430 mya – 395 mya

                 ___________________ dominant life form

        E.      Ordovician Period – 500 mya – 430 mya

                 Modern algae & fungi

        F.      Cambrian Period – 600 mya – 500 mya

                 First fish, marine plants, many invertebrates

 

IV.   Precambrian Era – 600 mya

        First eukaryotes, blue-green algae & _________________________

 

 

Species – a group of individuals that look similar and are capable of producing ____________

    offspring.

 

Morphology – ________________, inside and outside

 

Hybrid – offspring of 2 morphologically _____________________ organisms (Mule)

 

Chs. 17-19, pg.6

 

Population – all members of the same species that live in the same place at the ___________.

 

Gene pool – the collection of genes for ______________ traits in a population.

 

Allele frequency – the _________________________ of a specific allele in the gene pool.

 

Genetic equilibrium – a population in which allele frequencies do __________ change from

  generation to generation.

 

 

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE – 1908

States that a population will remain in ______________ Equilibrium if all of the following are met:

1.      No mutations occur

2.      Individuals do not leave or enter (no migration)

3.      Large population

4.      Random mating

5.      No natural selection

(Evolution occurs when genetic equilibrium is disrupted)

 

Mutation – a physical ____________________ in a gene or chromosome

 

Migration – _________________________ of individuals into or out of a population

Gene flow – the _______________ of genes into or out of a population         

         through migration            

 

 

Genetic drift – allele frequency change due to random events or change

 

 

4 TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

           

1.      Stabilizing selection – the _____________________ is preferred

2.      Directional selection – one _____________________ has the advantage

3.      Disruptive selection – ______________ extremes have the advantage

4.      Sexual selection – mate preference based on a ___________________________.

 

Speciation – the formation of a _______ species aided by _______________ of populations

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SPECIATION                                 Chs. 17-19, pg.7

 

 

            1.  Geographical isolation – the physical _____________________

                 of members of a population

 

2.      Reproductive isolation – inability of formerly

     interbreeding organisms to produce _____________________;

     due to breeding seasons

 

3.      Punctuated Equilibrium – theory that speciation

     may occur during a short period of time

     following a long period of equilibrium (growth

     spurts)

 

Extinction – species ____________ off, a natural process, due to climate and/or food shortage (humans too)

 

 

What do scientists look at to decide where an organism fits?

·                             Fossils

·                             Morphology

·                             Biochemistry

 

 

Anthropologist – a scientist who studies present and prehistoric cultures

 

Paleoanthropologist – a scientist who studies human evolution

 

Primates – a distinct group of mammals

(tree shrews,lemur, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)

 

 

 Characteristics of Primates                                                                                                                                                 

1.      Arboreal – live in __________________________

2.      Highly movable fingers and toes

3.      __________________________ thumb and/or big toe

4.      Flattened _________________

5.      Good vision with ______________________

6.      Front facing eyes for __________________________________

7.      Reduced snout

8.      Hold body erect (upright)

 

 

 

Chs. 17-19, pg. 8

Anthropoids – a subgroup of primates including monkeys, apes and humans

 

Characteristics of Anthropoids

 

1.      Well developed ____________________bone

2.      Rotating shoulder joint

3.      Partially rotating elbow

4.      Opposable thumb and/or big toe

5.      ______________________ cranial capacity

 

Cranium = brain case

 

 

Hominid – a subgroup of primates including humans  (humans and their ancestors)

 

Human beings – Homo sapiens

 

Characteristics of Humans

 

1.      Bipedalism – walking ___________________ on two legs

2.      Broad pelvis – supports internal organs, allows for

 muscle attachment for bipedalism to be possible

3.      Foot shape – _____________ toe aligned with other toes.  This

     helps evenly distribute body weight and increase

     balance.

4.      Jaw – ____________________

5.      Teeth – smaller and less ______________________

6.      Cranial capacity of 1400 cubic cm

7.      High forehead – increased cerebrum (frontal lobe = language)

8.      Communication – language both __________________________________________

 

 

Hominid Evolution                                                                                        

Australopithecus – the earliest genus of hominids(southern apes)

 

1.      Australopithecus afarensis – ___________________ hominid

Skeletons.  3 –3.5 myo. 

______________________, most complete skeleton.

     Short, reduced cranium size (380 – 450 cubic cm.)

     Bipedal, Found in E. Africa in 1974

 

2.       A. africanus – 2.2 – 3 myo.                                                                         

             Slightly ___________________________________                              

 Cranial capacity of 450 – 550 cubic cm. 

 Found in So. Africa in 1924

Chs. 17-19, pg.9

3.      A. robustus and A. boisei – 1 – 2 myo. 

________________________ skulls, _________________________ back teeth,

brain capacity of 450 – 600 cubic cm.

 

4.      Homo habilis – “__________________humans” 1.6 – 2 myo.

Cranial capacity of 600 – 800 cubic cm.

Found in 1960’s.  Found with ___________________, speech area of brain formed.

 

5.      Homo erectus – “________________ human”  .5 – 1.6 myo.

Thick skulls, large brow ridges, low forehead, small chin.

Found with tools, hunting instruments and _____________________.

Fossils found in 1984 of a 12-year-old boy.

 

6.      Homo sapiens – “____________________ humans” 250,000 – 350,000

yrs. ago.  1930’s fossils found in Germany and Great

Britain.  Large brow ridges, very large cranial capacity.

 

a.       Neanderthal Man – “early human” 35,000 –

130,000 yrs. ago in Africa, Asia and

Europe.  Had thick brow ridge, small chin,

heavy bones and cranial capacity of _____________

cubic cm.  Lived in caves and used stone

tools.  _____________________their dead.

 

b.      Cro-Magnon Man – lived about 35,000

years ago in France, Europe and Australia.

Fossils discovered in 1868. (“Modern

Humans”) High forehead, prominent chin,

no brow ridge.  They lived in caves and

_________________________ walls.  They used many tools

and were ancestors of _______________________ language.

 

 

Cranial Capacities

380 – 450 ccm             Australopithicus afarensis

430 – 550 ccm             A. africanus

450 – 600 ccm                         A. robustus & A. boisei

600 – 800 ccm             Homo habilis

700 – 1250 ccm                       H. erectus

1450 ccm                                 Neanderthal

1400 ccm                                 Cro-Magnon man (modern man)

 

Remember, the science of human evolution is a dynamic ongoing process.

Interpretations are many and based on the best available evidence, most of which is

fragmented.