Chapter 22
The World of Protists
Chapter 22 Terms
ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS ALGAE
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION CILIATE
COLONY FLAGELLATE
FRAGMENTATION GAMETOPHYTE
PLASMODIUM PROTOZOAN
PSEUDOPODIA SPORE
SPOROPHYTE SPOROZOAN
THALLUS
Kingdom Protista
most ___________________ kingdom
gave rise to 3 other kingdoms: Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
A. Protozoas animal-like protists (4 phyla)
Characteristics:
q heterotrophic
q unicellular
q parasitic
q specialized environmental sensors (eyespot)
q capable of __________________
q habitats varied fresh water, salt water, damp terrestrial,
q _____________ on host
q eukaryotic
q motile
Main criteria for classifying protests mode of ____________________
a. pseudopodia Phylum Rhizopoda
b. cilia Phylum Ciliophora
c. flagella Phylum Zoomastigina
d. immobile Phylum Sporozoa
Theory of Endosymiosis explains how eukaryotes evolved from ________________
q one prokaryote swallowed another prokaryote which became a needed ____________ parasite
q mitochondria came from a parasitic _______________
q chloroplast came from a ____________ blue/green algae
1. Phylum Rhizopoda
Genus: Amoeba
q flexible cell ________________
q move by _____________ cytoplasmic extensions
q ever changing shape
q most marine, some fresh water
q eat by endocytosis phagocytosis engulf solids; pinocytosis engulf liquids
q asexual _____________________
q scavengers eat ________________, decaying things (ugh!)
q responds to light and touch
q economic effects cause amebic dysentery; forms ______________, flint, and chalk
Two types of Amoebas with shells:
a. Forameniferans: shells made with _____________--marine
b. Radiolarians: shell made with _____________ very complex, shiny shells--marine
2. Phylum Zoomastigina
Genus: Euglena
q move by ______________________
q have protein covering called Pellicle; so does not change shape
q habitat-fresh water or _____________________
q eyespot
Three parasitic genus
a. Trypanosoma- causes sleeping sickness, death; lives in ____________ of humans
b. Leishmania- causes skin sores, death; carried by ___________________
c. Giardia- causes fatigue, diarrhea, cramps; found in water contaminated with
beaver, muskrat, and nutria _____________________
3. Phylum Ciliophora
Genus: Paramecium
q moves by _______________
q habitat- all types of _______________
q has a ______________
q reproduce- asexually by binary fission; sexually by ____________________
q behavior- avoidance
q 2 nuclei- macronucleus- controls main organism functions; micronucleus-controls sexual reproduction
4. Phylum Sporazoa
q parasites
q non-motile
q produce spores-reproductive cells that can grow without _____________________
Two (2) genus that causes disease in humans:
a. Plasmodium- causes malaria; carried by Anopheles mosquito
Life Cycle:
q healthy _____________ bites an infected person and picks up spores in blood
q spores migrate to mosquitos ______________ glands and grow into adults
q _____________ mosquito bites a person and the young plasmodium enter blood stream of person
q Plasmodium young migrate to human ______________ where they mature and reproduce spores.
b. Toxoplasma- causes toxoplasmosis; ___________ to infant animals (humans, claves,
chickens)
B. Algae- Plant like Protists (6 phyla)
Characteristics:
q contains ____________________ pigments colors range from green, purple, red, brown, gold, yellow
q autotrophic produce ½ of all ______________ on earth
q 6 phyla based on color of _________________
1. Phylum Euglenophyta (green pigment)
Genus: Euglens
q has both plant and _____________ traits
q both autotrophic and ________________
q move by _______________
q pellicle
q unicellular
q chlorophyll
2. Phylum Bacilliariophyta (golden algae)
Example: Diatoms
q shells made of ___________________, have grooves and pores
q photosynthetic
q store food as _________________
q reproduce asexually
q shape like a box and lid
q ground up __________________ used to make:
- metal polish - sand paper
- tooth paste - pavement paint
- paint remover
To reproduce ______________ the
halves separate and the smaller half is regenerated. Each generation is smaller. When
offspring has _____________ size by 2/3, then they will sexually reproduce to
be able to grow to maximum size so ___________________ reproduction can begin
again.
3. Phylum Dinoflagellata (red pigment)
Example: Dinoflagellates, red tides
q walls of thick _________________
q 2 flagella cause ________________ like a top
q produce __________________
q bloom in summer months, these population explosions cause red tides which kill marine animals and humans
4. Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)
Examples: red seaweeds
q multicellular
q attach to rocks by root called ________________
q deep water adaptations
q accessory pigments Phycobilins red, blue; absorb light waves that can penetrate _________________ water depths
5. Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Example: Kelp accessory pigment carotenoid yellow and brown
q Kelp ____________________ brown algae
q up to 60 meters long
q have air bladders in blades to float near surface so photosynthesis can take place
q __________________ important:
· food source
· makeup base
· paint fixative
6. Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)
q most ________________ phylum
q contain ____________________
q found in matted sloth fur
q reproduction:
Fragmentation breaks into pieces; each piece will become a complete adult
Alteration of Generations gametophyte generation __________________;
sporophyte generation _________________
Four Examples:
genus: Chlamydomonas
· filamentous
· unicellular
· have __________________
genus: Volvox
· hollow _______________ shape
· colonial
· 100 1000s cilia
genus: Spirogyra
· filamentous
· can reproduce both sexually and ______________________
genus: Ulva: (sea lettuce)
· reproduce by alteration of ____________________
C. Fungus like Protists (3 phyla)
Characteristics:
q decomposers
q eat by __________________
q slime molds are fungi and ________________ like
Phylum Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
q colorful
q habitat cool, ___________________, shade
q food damp decaying __________________ matter
q reproduce sexually forming ____________________
q form a Plasmodium mass of cytoplasm with many _______________, but no dividing cell walls or membranes
q (unicellular, multinucleated)
Phylum Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
q colorful
q habitat cool, damp, shade
q food damp ______________ matter
q reproduce mainly asexually by binary ________________ but may reproduce sexually at times of stress
3. Phylum Oomycota (water molds, downy, mildew)
q live in damp habits
q appear _____________, white and black
q parasitic live on, feed on and eventually _______________ food source
q grows as a mass of threads
q _________________ nutrients
q produce flagellated spores which true __________________ do not