Biology 1

Chapter 23

Fungi

 

Chapter 23 Terms

 

          ASCOSPORE                CONIDIOPHORE          MYCELIUM

          ASCUS                          CONIDIUM                    MYCORRHIZA

          BASIDIOSPORE           GAMETANGIUM          RHIZOID

          BASIDIUM                    HAUSTORIUM              SPORANGIUM

          BUDDING                      HYPHAE                        STOLON                

          CHITIN                          LICHEN                         ZYGOSPORE

 

Kingdom Fungi - mold, mildew, mushroom, yeast

 

    Fungi live by decomposing living and nonliving organic matter.  They play an important role as nutrient recyclers.

 

A.  Characteristics:

1.     Heterotropic

a. saprophytic - decomposers - digest food _____________of their cells then absorb nutrients (extracellular digestion)

b. parasitic - Dutch elm disease, wheat rusts-- huastoria - a specialized hyphae that grows into host without _____________it.

c. predatory - oyster fungus eats _____________

d. mutualistic - lichens

2.     some are _____________- (ringworm)

3.     some _____________important – (yeast)

4.     some produce fruit – (puffball, mushroom)

5.     fossils of modern fungi - 300 million years ago

6.     store food as _____________       

7.     grow best at 20-30 degrees C

8.     most are multicellular

9.     decomposers – breakdown organic matter into raw material other organisms can use.

 

 

                    

 

B.  Structure and Functions:                     

1.     hyphae – long threadlike filaments may or may not be divided into ________.

2.     septa - cross wall of hyphae - has a _____________ (hole) in it, which helps communication between cells.

3.     Mycelium – a network of interwoven hyphae (can form "_____________" of fungus)

4.     _____________- forms tough cell walls of hyphae                                                 

 

 

 

C.  Reproduction:

         1. Sexual

             a. cytoplasmic _____________

b. zygospores - during times of harsh _____________ 

                         conditions (drying out)

                   2. Asexual

                       a. spore production

                       b. _____________

                       c. budding

 

 

Four Phyla of Kingdom Fungi

 

        1.  Phylum Zygomycota

a.      600 species

b.      terrestrial

c.      found mainly in _____________and manure

d.      example - bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer )

 

three types of hyphae of bread mold

Ø     rhizoids - _____________ hyphae; grows down into bread

Ø     stolons - hyphae that run parallel to bread (grows _________    

                    bread)

Ø     sporangiophores - upright hyphae; produce _____________   at tip

       2.  Phylum Ascomycota

a.  Sac fungi - morels, powdery mildew, yeast

Ø     30,000 species - _____________phylum in Kingdom Fungi

Ø     most recent fungi to _____________

Ø     wide variety of ___________,(marine, fresh water, terrestrial)

 

b.      Yeast

Ø     unicellular

Ø     reproduces mainly by _____________

Ø     important in _____________industry

Ø     domesticated yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sexual reproduction structures

Ø     female - _____________

Ø     male - _____________ (both of these fuse to form _____________) -  the reproductive body (2N)

Ø     asci - _____________that forms around the 2 fusing nuclei, once sack formed _____________ takes place.

                   Asexual reproduction structures

Ø     conidium - spores

Ø     conidiospores - special branches where _____________ are formed

 

       3. Phylum Deuteromycota

a.  Fungi Imperfecti - (ring _____________,athletes foot)

          b. 10,000 species

c.  no known _____________ reproduction

d. Penicillium- antibiotic _____________and cheese flavoring

e. Aspergillus - makes _____________ sauce

 

      4. Phylum Basidiomycota

a.     25,000 species

b.     Club Fungi - _____________

Ø     puffballs

Ø     toadstools

Ø     rusts and smuts

c.     reproduce both _____________and asexually

d.     basidiocarp - reproductive structure

                  

 

          Symbiotic Relationships

 

fungi + autotrophs = mutualism = both organisms _____________

 

1.Mycorrhizae - fungus + plant roots helps plants _____________     

                            water and nutrients and insulates against   

                            temperature

 

Two types of Mycorrhizae

 

                   a. endomycorrhizae - fungus penetrates _____________

                   b. ectomycorrhizae - fungus surrounds _____________

 

 

2.      Lichen - fungus + green _____________ find these on rocks and   

                               tree bark.

                                                ( sometimes referred to as controlled parasitism)

 

 

          Rust                vs.         Smut

                            

parasite                                         parasite

plant pathogen                             plant pathogen

red - brown                                  covers the plant

     in a "slimy" massive blanket
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Review Chart of Fungi Phylum

 

 

ZYGOMYCOTA

ASCOMYCOTA

DEUTEROMYCOTA

BASIDIOMYCOTA

 

Common

Name

Zygote

Producing

Fungi

Sac Fungi

Fungi Imperfecti

Club Fungi

Habitat

Terrestrial

(soil & manure)

Everywhere

(land & water)

Host

Terrestrial

Example

Bread Mold

Yeast,

Powdery Mildew

Ringworm,

Athlete’s Foot

Pennicilium

Aspergillus

 

Mushrooms

Puffballs

Rust

Smut

Reproduction

Both

Both

Asexual only

Both

Sexual Reproductive Structures

Gametangium

(2 gametes for a zygote = zygospore)

FEMALE:

Ascogonium

MALE:

Antheridium

(they fuse and form an Ascocarp)

 

Basidia

Basidiospores

Asexual

Reproductive

Structures

Sporangia

(spores)

Conidium

(spores)

Canidiophore