CHAPTERS 24, 25, 26 & 27
Terms: Antheridium root
Archegonium seed
Cuticle stem
(Chap. 24) gemmae stomata
leaf vascular
plant
nonvascular
plant vegetative
reproduction
protonema
cone gymnosperm prothallus
cotyledon megaspore rhizome
(Chap. 25) deciduous plant microspore sorus
embryo ovule strobilus
evergreen plant phloem tracheid
frond pollen
grain vascular tissue
xylem
Angiosperm dicotyledon pericycle
Annual endoermes petiole
Apical meristein epidermis root cap
(Chap. 26) Bark guard cell root hair
Biennial mesophyll sieve cell
Cambium monocotyledon sink
Companion cell parechymer transcription
Cortex perennial vessel cell
Complete flower germination ovary
(Chap. 27) Day-neutral plant hormone petal
Dormacy incomplete
flower photoperiodism
Double fertilization long-day plant pistil
Endosperm micropyle sepal
Short-day
plant stamen tropism
Review: 7 Levels
of Taxonomy KINGDOM
PHYLUM (DIVISION)
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Kingdom
Plantae:
1.
Evolved from green algae ( in ancient oceans and swamps)
2.
Have evolved a variety of adaptations for obtaining water
and conserving water.
What
is a Plant?
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryote
3. Cell wall of ____________
4. Waxy waterproof covering
called a ___________
5. Capable of ___________________.
Evolution
of Plants:
·
500 million years ago first plants appear, looked like moss.
·
400 million years ago first plant fossil, a ________________
( picture on p. 584 )
·
All plants probably evolved from green algae. Why?
Both algae and plants,
§
lived in ancient oceans
§
have cell wall of cellulose
§
have same types of chlorophyll
§
store food as a starch
Adaptations
of Plants:
1.
Preventing water loss
a. Cuticle _______________________________ helps prevent water from
evaporating;
most fruits, leaves
and stems are covered with a cuticle.
b. Stomata openings (windows) in cuticle that allow CO2 and O2 to
be exchanged ( picture p. 586
)
2.
Photosynthesis
a. Leaf broad flat organ of a plant
(1) responsible for
_______________________ for photosynthesis
(2) also gases are exchanged
here
(3) supported by stem, grows
upward toward sunlight
(4) have both upper and
lower surfaces.
3.
Putting down Roots
a. Soil most plants depend on the soil as a primary source
for ________________ and other ________________.
b. Roots a plant organ that;
(1) _____________ water and
minerals from the soil
(2) _____________ nutrients to
stems and leaves
(3) _____________ plant in the
ground
(4) starch (food)
_______________ organ (potato, radish)
4.
Transporting materials
a. Stem an organ of a plant that provides _________________ support
and _______________________ of food and water from roots to leaves
and back. Can also be a food storage site.
(cellery, rhubarb)
b. Vascular plants contain stems
that are _________________ structures
for _________________ foods, water and nutrients. (Most plants are vascular: pine tree,
sunflower, ivy)
c. Nonvascular plants stems do not have vascular tissues.
Cells are few and nutrients travel by _____________
and _____________
(moss).
Vascular plant tissue was important in evolution of plants that can live farther away from
water, and are stronger so they can grow larger.
5.
Reproduction
a. Seed contains embryo and its food supply, covered by a
protective coating.
b. Spore gamete and hard
protective coating (moss, ferns)
c. Pollen - sperm
6.
Alternation of Generation
Two stages of generations:
a. Gametophyte
generation
responsible for development of
gametes; male ________, female ________ (1n)
b. Sporophyte generation responsible for production of
spores (2n) ______________ stage
Phylogeny
of Plants:
Ten
(10) Divisions of Plants
Two
(2) categories of divisions
a.
non seed plants
b. seed producing plants
A. Non Seed Plants: (5 divisions)
1. Division Bryophyta (mosses, Liverworts)
- non vascular
-
___________, prefer ___________ environments
- gametophyte life
stage dominant
- sexual reproduction
parts
·
protonema filaments that are
_____________ male or female
·
antheridium ___________ reproductive
parts; produce sperm ( pollen )
·
archegonium ______________
reproductive parts; produce egg ( seed )
- asexual reproduction
·
vegetative
reproduction
pieces ____________________ and generate a
whole new plant
2. Division Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
- land dwellers
- stem covered with
leaf like ______________
- most found in
tropics, but one species found in Southern
United States.
3. Division Lycophyta
(club mosses, spike mosses not actually moss)
-
vascular plants
-
modern plants are small, but in dinosaur times they were ____________
-
most ancient forests of these plants are now _______________
-
strobilus special leaves that
protect reproductive cells; grow in ________________ or _________________
-
prothallus a germinated spore which
will produce either male or female reproductive parts
Vascular tissues transport materials from
one part of a plant to
another.
Two types:
a. Xylem tissues of ________ tube
like cells that transport
water
and minerals ______ from roots to
leaves
b. Phloem _____________
tube like cells that transport sugars from
leaves ___________ to the rest of the plant
4. Division Pherophyta (ferns)
- most well known group
- wide variety of environments
- most diverse seedless group
- fronds fern ____________
- pinnae ______________ of
divided fronds
- sorus/sori ______________
of spores usually found on the
underside of the pinnae
drawing
of a fern frond
5. Division Sphenophyta (horse tails, cat
tails, reeds)
- ancient vascular plants
- _____________ in texture
- _____________
stems
- most are
fossils, only 15 species found today
Gymnosperms general name used for vascular seed producing plants
-
seeds usually produced on ____________
-
seeds not protected by a fruit, therefore they are
naked seeds
Four ( 4 ) types
of Gymnosperms
1. Cycadophyta
2. Ginkgophyta
3. Gnetophyta
4. Coniferophyta
Gymnosperms reproductive
structures:
a. Microspores produced in the _______________ cone; becomes
________________ grains
b. Megaspores produced in _______________ cone; becomes __________.
c. Embryo an organism at an early stage of growth
and
development
d. Cotyledons food storage organs of a plant embryo
(similar to chicken yolk)
e. Pollen grain a structure which allows the sperm
to
develop inside; it has nutrients and a
protective covering
f. Ovule a structure
where the female gamete (egg)
develops; wind carries pollen grains to the ovule where
polination (fertilization) happens
forming an embryo. Some embryos are enclosed within a protective structure; the
seed.
Five
Seed Producing Divisions:
1. Division Cycadophyta (short palm-like trees)
- exclusively in
tropics, Florida is the only state in U.S. to
have
any of these plants
- male and female cones are housed on ______________ trees
2. Division Gnetophyta found only in Central and South
America; 3 distinct types (genera)
a. Gnetum
tropica (climbing plants and vines)
b. Ephedra shrub like plants; may be found in
c. Welwitschia
found only in South Africa; can be
100
years old; has only 2 leaves
3. Division Ginkgophyta (ginkgo biloba)
- only
1 species left, the Ginkgo Biloba tree, it is a
____________
tree of
China and
-
popular _______________ food supplement
-
hardy plants, ________________ to insects and air pollution
-
male trees often found inside shopping malls. The female trees possess a fruit that has the
distinct odor of ____________________ so
they are not often found inside.
-
Their polinators are _____________.
4. Division Coniferophyta (conifers)
- largest most diverse group of gymnosperms
- _______________
bearing trees like cedar, fir, pine, cypress,
redwood, and juniper
-
the ______________ living trees
in the world
-
leaves are modified into ___________
or ______________
-
adapted to _____________ climates
Two
types of Conifers:
a. Evergreens
- keep leaves (needles) __________________
- needles may be kept 2 40 years before falling off
- needles and branches are flexible which allows the
snow to slide off instead of breaking
branches
- most conifers are evergreen
b. Deciduous
- lose all leaves at the ___________ time, usually in the
fall
of the year
- becomes ________________
in winter
How did
Conifers get their name?
- from their cones; 2 types of cones
b. Male cones - are usually ___________ and house _____________
grains, found most commonly on the
_________ branches, they
drop off as soon as pollen is released
c. Female
cones - are ______________, they
house the ___________,
are
commonly found on the branches at the _____________ of the
trees and may be kept up to 2 years to let seeds mature
If both female
and male cones are found on the same tree, the male
cones are on the lower branches, the
female cones in the tops of the
trees. This promotes cross fertilization by the
wind.
5. Division Anthophyta (flowering plants)
-
not a gymnosperm because it produces ______________
-
generally known as Angiosperms; plants that produce flowers and develop
seeds protected in a fruit
-
most well known plants on earth, found all over the world
-
have;
_______,______,_________,________,____________,__________
- largest most diverse group of all seed
plants
- fossil records to 130 million years ago
-
seeds surrounded by _____________
-
roots and stems store food during environmentally unfriendly times
(winter, drought, no sunlight)
§
food storage organs
·
bulbs short stem with fleshy leaf base
·
corm - short thick underground
stem
·
tuber swollen root or stem with buds that sprout new plants
Two ( 2 ) Classes
of Anthophyta:
a. Monocotyledons seeds having one cotyledon;
(grasses, orchids)
b
Dicotyledons seeds have 2
cotyledons; (herbs and flowers)
( Remember
that a cotyledon is a food storage area to nourish seeds)
Life Span of
Anthophytes/Angiosperms
(their
life span reflects its strategy for survival)
a.
Annual-plants
that only live for ____ year
-they
sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce and die in 1 growing season
-most
are herbaceous - stems are green and not woody (food plants-corn, wheat, peas,
beans, watermelon).
b. Biennials-plants that have a life span for ____ years
-usually
flower and seed once a year(carrots, beets, turnips)
c. Perennials-plants that can live for ____________ years
-usually
flower and seed once a year(grasses, deciduous trees)
Structures and their functions
a. Roots-_________________ parts of a plant
-
________________ plant
-
________________ water and minerals from soil
-some
plants ___________ food in the roots
(carrots, potato)
-Parts of a root
1.)
epidermis - outer layer of cells
2.)
root hair - hair-like extensions of roots
3.)
cortex - transports water to vascular core,
·
Parenchyma-cells that make up the cortex, they
sometimes store food and water.
4.)
endodermis - innermost layer of cells, forms waterproof seal around the vascular tissue, controls the flow of water
5.)
pericycle - tissue that gives rise to lateral roots
6.)
cambium - tissue that produces xylem and
phloem
tissues
7.)
root cap - protects the root tip where new root
cells
are made; very tough protective layer
8.)
apical meristem - dividing cells of the root tip
b. Stems-the
________________ ground part of the plant
- they __________________ leaves and flowers
-wide variety available
-may be _______and flexible or __________
and woody
Functions of Stem
·
support for all above ground parts
·
house vascular tissues for transport
Woody Stems
a.
can survive for ____________ years
b.
stems grow ______________ each year
c.
secondary growth-the added
thickness, results in _______________,
can be used to tell the age of plants
d.
Bark- tough, corky outer
layer, _______________ plants from
insects and herbivores
c. Leaves
1. _________________ sunlight for photosynthesis
(often flat
so they can absorb more sunlight)
2. petiole-the stalk that joins the _______ to the
_______
3. veins-
extend from petiole through leaf
4. transpiration-the evaporation of water from leafs
stomata
5. guard cells-help reduce
water loss by controlling the
size of the
stomata opening.
6. mesophyll-the
photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, found just
beneath the
epidermis
7.modified leaves- can be used for other functions
(cactus
spines)
4
leaf modifications
·
thorns rose bush, _______________
·
scales cedar tree, prevents
___________ loss and cold
weather modification
·
needles pine tree, prevents
_______ loss and cold
weather modification
·
spines cacti,
_______________
Complete flower has all 4 reproductive
organs
(a) petals
(b) sepals
(c) stamen
(d) pistil (both male and female parts), (morning glory,
tiger lilly)
Incomplete
flower
lacks one or more of the 4 reproductive organs
-
_______________ male and female flowers (squash, corn)
Pollination the process of
______________ pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
Ways
pollination can occur:
·
wind completely random
·
animal
pollinators
bees, beetles, birs, bats, moths, butterflies
most flowers produce ___________ which is a rich food source for animals
Ways to attract animals :
·
nectar as the animal feeds it
brushes against the pollen which _____ to the animal and is taken to
another flower when the animal moves
·
color brightly colored petals help attract the __________ animals;
(butterflies like very vivid colors, moths feed at night so their plants tend
to be pale in color, bees prefer bright yellow or blue)
·
scent sweet or putrid smells depending on ______ of animal needed to
pollinate; (flies plants smell like rotting meat; bees like very sweet
smells)
Two types of
pollination:
genetically ________ to parent plant
most
plants favor cross-pollination; genetically
differentoffspring
Photoperiodism a flowering plants response to length of days and nights
1. short-day plants (strawberries), poinsettias, cockleburs,
ragweed);
bloom when days are
__________ than nights
2. long-day plants (peppermint, potato, peas, clover,carnations)
bloom when days are
___________ than nights
3. day- neutral plants (most other plants)
blooming controlled by _________________ and
________________ (other things beside day length)
Endosperm the food storage tissue
that supports development of plant embryo
Fruit the enlarged ovary; it contains the seeds; aids in
seed dispersal
1. fleshy apples, grapes, melons, tomatoes, cucumbers
2. dry peanuts, walnuts, grains
Dormancy
when the seed is ________________,
not growing or developing
·
this helps seeds survive harsh conditions that would kill a developing
plant
·
can last for months or years (some weed seeds can survive for 100
years) evening primrose, curly dock
Germination the beginning of
development of the seed into a plant
Tropism a plants response to a
favorable environmental stimulus (plants grow toward
sunlight)
Nastic movement a plant response __________
dependent on direction of stimulus; does not involve growth (venus fly trap closing)
Hormone a
chemical the plant makes that causes physiological change; only small amounts
are needed (auxin
a ___________ hormone; helps plants ________ and ___________________)