Kingdom Animalia

Subkingdom Eumetazoa

1. Phylum Arthropoda –(______________________)

(Insects, Crabs, Spiders, Centipedes)

Common Characteristics:

q Jointed Appendages-extensions of the body (___________________)

q Segmented Body-Early forms had ____________ of appendages ___ segment

(Evolution resulted in lost or reduced #’s of appendages)

q _________________- Hard external covering provides protection and support

q Similar Systems-

· ventral nervous system

· open circulatory system

· digestive system

· sensory system

Exoskeleton:

q ____________ outer covering

q Gives __________________, support, _________________

q Gives Strength + Versatility

q Made of Protein + Carbohydrates (___________ = a tough carbohydrate)

· Chitin uses:

1. sutures

2. artificial skin

3. contact lenses

q Made up of 3 layers

· ___________ outer layer - repels water

· Hard middle layer – provides Protection

· Flexible inner layer- flexible at joints

(All 3 layers separated by epidermis)

Muscles:

q attached to the ____________ of exoskeleton and on either side of joints

q they form in bundles

Molting-_____-- (The _ of the exoskeleton to allow for _______)

q How to Molt

· Grow until pressure builds up

· Epidermis secretes a hormone that dissolves exoskeleton along the ______________ midline

· At the same time the epidermis is generating a new exoskeleton _______________the old one using some of the digested exoskeleton

· The old skeleton breaks along specific lines and the animal crawls out

· New skeleton is flexible at first then once it is exposed to either air or water it hardens

q Drawbacks to molting

· Shell is __________ so they must hide when molting to protect themselves

· Sometimes they _________________appendages when molting

Evolution—(600 mya- ancestral forms showed up)

q 4 lines of evolution

· Kingdom Animalia

· Subkingdom Eumetazoa

· Phylum Arthropoda

1. Subphylum Trilobita-trilobites-___________

2. Subphylum Crustacea shrimp, _____________, crab, water flea, ____________

3. Subphylum Chelicerata

____________, scorpions, ___________, mites, horseshoe crabs

4. Subphylum Uniramia

centipedes, millipedes, ____________ -- only group to evolve on ____

How are they different?

q Embryological development

q Morphology……(morphology = _____________________________)

Morphological Differences

Trilobites - extinct

Crustaceans - branched appendages

- ________________ mouth parts => _______________

Chelicerates - no antennae

- _____________ –like mouths =>_____________

Uniramia - unbranched appendages

- mandibles; chewing mouth parts

- antennae

A. Subphylum Crustacea-- (crayfish, ________________, sow bugs. water fleas)

q hard exoskeletons

q mostly aquatic

q mostly small….why?

q sowbugs &pill bugs à terrestrial

· 7 identical pairs of legs à _____________

· live in Damp Areas

The Crayfish— (good to study because large and abundant)

q External structure

· 2 body sections

1. Cephalothorax -- ________ and ___________ fused

a. ___ segments

b. covered by hard ___________

2. Abdomen-- belly

a. __ segments

b. last segment = ____________ (the flat triangular section at tail)

c. powerful abdominal muscles can contract, causing rapid movement _________________

d. one pair of appendages is attached to each segment

e. each appendage develops from same part of each segment but are modified for specific functions

q Appendage Modifications:

q Digestion pathway

· The Fate of a tasty morsel

1. Chelipeds – trap food

2. Maxillae + Maxillipeds - tear food apart

3. Mandibles – chew food

4. Esophagus

5. Stomach – chitinous teeth grind up food into fine paste

6. Intestine – paste mix with digestive juices

7. Undigested material passes through intestine

8. Anus

q Excretion of liquids

· ______________ Glands- excretory organs that remove wastes from blood but retain salts

q Respiration

· __________--attached to walking legs carapace protects them

*as crayfish walks and feeds, gill bailers help move water over the gills

q Nervous System

· Brain

· ___________ nerve cord – from brain to tail

§ Nerve impulses travel to and from the nerve cord via ganglion

§ Nerves connect sense receptors (in antennules, eyes and antennae)

q Sense Receptors

· Eyes

1. set on movable stalks

2. compound

3. 2000 light sensitive lenses

4. highly _________________ to light and motion

5. but can only form crude image

· Statocysts

1. cells that contain ______________________ granules

2. helps crayfish to monitor its ____________ in environment

q Reproduction

· _____________ male and female individuals

· Mate in Fall ; Lay eggs in Spring

How?

1. Male uses first and second swimmerets to transfer sperm __________ to the females seminal _______________

2. Females store sperm until spring

3. Females lay eggs, as the eggs are traveling out the genital pore they mix with the stored sperm

4. Eggs attach to the females last 3 sets of ________________ by a sticky substance

5. 6wk later they hatch (they go through several stages of development)

· young look like mini adults

· molt about 7 times first year

· molt twice a year for the next 2-3 years

B. Subphylum Chelicerata

1.) Class __________________-- (spiders, scorpions, mites ticks)

· 100,000 + species

· adapted to kill with _________________

· body divided into parts

1. cephalothorax-- (head and chest cavity fused)

2. abdomen-- (stomach-like area)

3. appendages

a. legs - 4 pair

b. chelicerae - 1 pair of these = front pinchers

c. modified leg that are now mouth parts

*________________ – they aid in chewing

Spiders-- (black widow, brown recluse, tarantula, orb weaver)

· .5 mmà9cm in size-- ______________ largest spider known

· Eat insects

Come into my parlor said the spider to the fly…

Ways to catch dinner…

1. webs

2. chase

3. trapdoor

· 8 simple eyes

· 3pr of ______________- modified legs responsible for making the ______

· Silk Glands – secretes a fluid that passes through the spinnerets’ tubules and hardens into threads

What can they make with these silk threads?

a. Webs

b. Nests

c. Cocoons

Scorpions

· Habitat: tropics, semitropics, dry deserts, Texas

· 2 ways they differ from spiders

1. ________________ pedipalps

2. large posterior ______________ that they hold over their heads

· Hide by day, hunt by night…therefore they are nocturnal

· How do they capture their prey and feast?

1. grab

2. sting

3. tear

· Hey Grandpa, what’s for supper? They are Carnivores….other bugs, spiders etc…..

Mites and Ticks

· Most abundant and most ___________________ arachnids

· _________________

1. Cause crop damage ( mites)

2. Cause diseases ( __________ disease)

3. Transmit organisms

· How do Spiders, Scorpions, Mites and Ticks: breath, excrete and reproduce?

1. Respiration--Three different structures

a. Spiracles - _____________ in cuticle for air to go through

b. Trachea – ______________ that carries air directly to tissue

c. Book Lung - folded __________ enlarged surface area for better oxygen exchange

2. Excretory

a. Malipighian tubules--projections of the digestive tract, remove liquid nitrogenous waste product from all areas of body and carry it to the intestine

b. Coxal glands-- excretory organs that remove solid waste through openings at the base of ________

3. Reproduction

a. _______- sperm in packets is transferred by his pedipalps to the females seminal receptacle

b. _______ - lays eggs that will be fertilized as they exit her genital pore

§ seals the eggs in a case of _____________

§ young go through 1^st molt inside egg case

C. Subphylum Uniramia

1.) Class Diplopoda-- (_____________)

· __ pairs of legs per body segment

· except for the ______ body segment

· burrows with its strong legs

· slow moving because of its short legs

· defense:

1. roll into coil and excretes _______________ gas

2. offensive smell, (because of the gas)

3. _________ taste

· senses

1. strong sense of smell

2. poor vision

· body – round

· ________________- - chew plants and decayed matter

2.) Class Chilopoda-- (_____________)

· ___ pr of legs per body segment except last two and first one

· Faster than millipede longer legs

· Defense--coil their bodies

· Body flattened

· ________________--feed on: earthworms, insects, roaches

· 1^st segment claw like: a powerful pincher that can deliver a ___________ substance to the injured area….. therefore killing prey and other predators that may wish to harm it or people dumb enough to pick them up

3.) Class Insecta

· insects 300 million years old

· most ____________________ group of animals

* wide habitat

* great diversity

* large numbers

Characteristics common to insects

· exoskeleton

· jointed appendages

· segmented body

· 1 pair of antennae

· 3 pairs of jointed legs

· 1 or 2 pair of wings

· 3 main body areas

1. head

2. thorax

3. abdomen- 11 segments no legs or wings

· 3 types of insect variation

1. Structural Variation

§ differences in appendages (mouth parts etc.)

§ Aphid-mouth pierces

2. Physiological Variation

§ differences in how their internal systems work

3. Behavioral Variation

§ Differences in the way insects respond to their environments

§ Honey Bee - complex ____________ à Hives

§ Bumble Bee - live ____________ lives

Habitat

· live almost everywhere except the deep ocean

· flying allows them to disperse ___________

Entomologist

· Scientist who studies ____________

§ over 700,000 classified (1.2 million still to classify and name)

§ 3 million estimated not seen yet

Why are insects so successful?

· quick to adapt to a new environment

· short life span… therefore mature, mate and reproduce ___________

· small size

Insects that irritate people

· Ruin our crops

Ø Boll weevils

Ø Corn ear worms

· Spread disease

Ø Mosquitoes

Ø Fleas

Ø Ticks

Why we need insects

· Pollination

· Food - fish, birds, mammals

· Recycle - decaying products

· Products we want – __________, ________, shellac

Life Cycles

· Most insects do not start out as small versions of adults

· Metamorphosis - a series of _________________ changes the insect goes through as a result of gene expression

Types of metamorphosis

· ____________________ metamorphosis-- (grasshopper, termite)

§ 3 stages

1. egg

2. nymph - an incomplete stage; looks like an underdeveloped adult

3. adult

· ___________________ Metamorphosis-- (Butterflies, beetles, most insects)

§ 4 stages

1. egg

2. larva – usually looks like a caterpillar or grub

3. pupa- an ______________ stage protected in a cocoon

4. adult

· What triggers metamorphosis

§ brain hormones

§ molting hormones

§ juvenile hormones

· Why is metamorphosis important?

§ helps disperse insects

§ eliminates competition for ________ between life cycle stages

Defense

· stingers are common

· camouflage

· coloration--brightly colored insects are not trying to ________ from anything

(bright colors = ________________ or taste _______)

· Mullerian mimicry- different species ___________ warning color patterns

· Batesian mimicry- defensive adaptation

§ _______- poisonous vulnerable insects __________ on the color, sound or scent patterns of dangerous bugs to ______________other creatures

Behavior

· _____________ of labor--creates interdependence, need communication network

· Instinct- genetically controlled innate behavior

Communication

· Pheromones - chemical ______________ (used a lot to find a mate of the same species)

· Sound – crickets, mosquitoes

· Light flashes – fireflies

D. Subphylum Trilobita

¨ extinct, only found in ____________ form

APPENDAGE

CEPHALOTHORAX

Common Characteristics:

Muscles:

Molting-_____-- (The _ of the exoskeleton to allow for _______)

A. Subphylum Crustacea-- (crayfish, ________________, sow bugs. water fleas)

q Digestion pathway

· The Fate of a tasty morsel

q Respiration

q Nervous System

q Sense Receptors

· Eyes

1. set on movable stalks

· Statocysts

q Reproduction

· Mate in Fall ; Lay eggs in Spring

Scorpions

· Habitat: tropics, semitropics, dry deserts, Texas

Mites and Ticks

1. Respiration--Three different structures

C. Subphylum Uniramia

APPENDAGE

CEPHALOTHORAX

Common Characteristics:

Muscles:

Molting-___________-- (The ___________ of the exoskeleton to allow for ___________)

A. Subphylum Crustacea-- (crayfish, ________________, sow bugs. water fleas)

q Digestion pathway

· The Fate of a tasty morsel

q Respiration

q Nervous System

q Sense Receptors

· Eyes

1. set on movable stalks

· Statocysts

q Reproduction

· Mate in Fall ; Lay eggs in Spring

Scorpions

· Habitat: tropics, semitropics, dry deserts, Texas

Mites and Ticks

1. Respiration--Three different structures

C. Subphylum Uniramia

Molting-_____-- (The _ of the exoskeleton to allow for _______)