SUBKINGDOM EUMETAZOA
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
CLASS MAMMALIA
(fish,
birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals)
Characteristics
of Chordates
¨ have a notochord – this develops
into a vertebral column
¨ dorsal nerve cord = brain
and spinal cord makes up the CNS, (central nervous system)
¨ gill slits
Three Subphyla
1. Urochordata = tunicates
2. Cephalochordata = amphioxus
3. Vertebrata = all animals with a backbone
Characteristics of Vertebrates
¨ vertebral column = backbone
and skull form “Axial Skeleton”
¨ endoskeleton = made of bone and cartilage
¨ has 3 parts
1. axial skeleton
2. two girdles
3. appendicular skeleton
¨ Two girdles = Pectoral and
Pelvic
¨ limbs = form appendicular skeleton
¨ three body regions
¨ paired sense organs
¨ Vertebrate Body Systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Digestive
5. Excretory
6. Respirator
7. Circulatory
8. Immune
9. Endocrine
10. Nervous
11. Reproductive
7 Classes of Vertebrates
1. Agnatha = “jawless fish” (lamprey, hagfish)
2. Chondrichthyes = “cartilagenous
fish” (sharks, rays)
3. Osteichthyes = “bony fish” ( perch, bass, catfish)
4. Amphibia = (salamanders, toads, frogs
5. Reptilia = ( snakes, lizards, turtles,
crocodilians)
6. Aves = (all types of birds)
7. Mammalia = (all mammals)
Class Mammalia ~
4000 species
The dominant land
vertebrate
Characteristics:
-
Endothermic- warm blooded
-
*Hair
-
4 chambered heart
-
Diaphragm
-
Single lower jaw bone –(mandible) - 4 different types
of teeth
-
*Most viviparous --- they have live births
-
*Mammary glands that secrete milk
Therapsid – reptilian ancestor of mammals –
oldest mammalian fossil found = 200 mya
Specialized
teeth - incisors – front 4 – cut, bite insert
drawing here
canine- grip,
puncture, tear
bicuspid –(2
points) premolars – shear, shred
molars - (4
points, flat and large) – grind, crush
19 orders of modern Mammals
1 = marsupials – pouched mammals
1 = monotremes
– egg laying mammals
17 = placentals
– live birth
1. Order
Monotremata
-
Oviparous = they lay
eggs
-
Only 3 species exist
1.
Duck billed platypus
2.
Two species of Echidna (spiney
anteater)
-
Habitat =
-
Not totally endothermic = body temperature fluctuates
2. Order Marsupialia
-
Pouched Mammals
-
Birth extreamly immature young that mature in pouch
-
Can only have as many babies as have nipples or the
babies die
-
250 species exist:
-
four examples
1.
Opossum – Only
American species
2.
Wombat – Looks
like ground hog
3.
Glider – Looks
like flying squirrel
4.
Cuscus – Looks
like monkey
- 17 orders
- 95 % of all mammals
-
Carry unborn young in uterus
-
Placenta – baby gets nourishment from mom
( placenta, umbilical cord)
-
Gestation – Time
period of uterine development
( therefore, varies in length from species to species)
*
rabbit = 31 days
*
people = 42 weeks
*
horses = 11 ½ months
*
whales = 2 ½ years
3. Order Insectivora
- Shrews and Moles
-
small
-
high metabolism rate
-
long pointed noses – helpful to eating insects, worms,
other invertebrates
4. Order Rodentia
-
Squirrels, Marmots, Chipmunks, Gophers, Mice, Rats,
Porcupines in No. Am. In So. American =
Guinea pig, Capybara
-
Largest mammal order
-
2 incisors – continually grow, must be gnawed down or
they can kill the animal
-
food – seeds, twigs, roots, bark
5. Order Lagomorpha
-
Rabbits, hares, pikas
-
Double row of incisors
-
Herbiverous
6. Order Edentata
-
Armadillos, sloth,
-
“without teeth”
-
tongue = sticky and very long, (the better to get
insects with)
-
claws = on front paws are very sharp to dig out
insects
7. Order Chiroptera
-
Bats
-
* only true
flying mammal*
-
claws on thumb = walk, climb, grasp
-
nocturnal
-
echolocation – sounds waves, help them “see” at night
-
small eyes, not very good
-
large ears, great for picking up reflected “sonar”
-
insect diet – mostly fruits and flowers, nectar and
insects
- tropics – flying
foxes largest bats known
8. Order Cetacea
-
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
-
Habitat –
marine
-
Forelimbs modified to flippers
-
No hind limbs
-
Breath through blowhole
2 groups of cetaceans
a. Toothed whales
(Beaked whales, Sperm whales, Beluga whales, killer
whales Orca , Dolphins, Porpoises)
* 100 + teeth
* carniverous – fish, squid, seals, other whale are food
source
b. Baleen Whales
(Blue whale, Humpback whale)
* baleen –
finger-like plates = filters the plankton out of water
9. Order Sirenia
- Manatees
(sailors once thought they were mermaids)
- Herbiverous
- live in
- less than
2000 individuals left
10. Order Carnivora
- dogs, cats,
raccoons, bears, otters, hyenas
- mainly eat
meat
- long canine
teeth
- strong jaws
- claws (some
retractable some always out)
- good smell and
vision
- run quickly
(cat family members are some of the fastest mammals on earth)
- racoons and bears are also considered omnivours
because they also eat berries and fruits
11. Order Pinnipedia
- Sea Lions, Seals, Walrus
- water dwelling carnivores
- stream line
bodies
12. Order Artiodactyla
- Deer, Elk,
Bison, Moose, Cow, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Camel
- hoofed
animals with even number of toes
- Split hoof = cloven hoof
- Defense –
speed- fast runners
- Herbivores
* Teeth
modified (flat) for grinding
* Rumen – storage stomach, has bacteria in it
that helps the animal digest
plant
cellulose
* Cud – the partially digested material
that is re-chewed (regurgitated and
chewed up to
7 times before swallowing permanently)
13. Order Perissodactyla
- Horse, Zebra,
Rhinoceros, Tapir
- hoofed
animals with odd number of toes
- herbivorous
* large flat
teeth
* cecum – sack at the end of the small intestine- contains bacteria
that break
down cellulose
14. Order Proboscidea
- boneless trunked nose = proboscis
only 2 species live today
1.
Asian elephant
2.
African elephant
- extinct = wooly mammoth
- largest land
dwelling mammals today
- tusks –
modified incisors
- can drink 56
gallons of water in 4 minutes
- walk on their
tip toes
15. Order Primates
two types of primates
1.
prosimians - Lemurs,
Tarsiers
2.
anthropoids - Humans,
Monkeys, Apes, Gorilla
- omniverous-
they have specialized teeth
- large brain/ body
size
- humans – language
16. Order Tubulidentata
-
Aardvarks
-
toothless, tunnel-like mouth
17. Order Hyraciodea
-
Hyraxes
-
look like rabbits but teeth like rhino teeth and they
have hooves
18. Order Pholidota
-
Anteaters = only mammals without any teeth at all
-
back and sides covered with scales
-
use tongue to catch insects
19. Order Dermoptera
-
Gliding Lemurs
-
fangs and wide incisors