Biology I

(Chapter 42- Infectious Disease/Immune system)

 

Terms:

antibiotic                       B cell                            complement                                          endemic disease epidemic            

immunity                       infectious disease          Koch’s postulates lymph                       lymph node      

lymphocyte                   macrophage                  pathogen                                              phagocyte                    

pus                               T cell                            tissue fluid                                             vaccine

 

 

Disease- condition caused by a pathogen in which a system, organ, or tissue is not

   ________________________ properly.

 

Pathogen- any agent that causes an _______________________ disease

-         all produce toxins (_________________) that interrupt normal cell function

-         can be caused by: 

1.bacteria                    

2. virus            

3.fungus

4.Protozoans               

5.invertebrates

 

Immune System- complex set of reactions the body uses ________________ pathogens.

 

Robert Koch- German scientist – was first scientist to identify pathogens

 

Louis Pasteur- scientist, whose work on chicken pox virus opened the field of

  microbiology.

 

Infectious Disease- one that is caused by a pathogen and can be spread from _________ to ________________.

 

 

 

Methods of Disease Transmission  (infection)

 

  1. ___________ – colds, flu
  2. Water & Food – all _____________ poisoning, Amebic dysentary
  3. Arthropod Vectors – lice, ticks, fleas, flies, mosquitoes
  4. Human contact (_________________) – STD’s, impetigo

  (____________________) – towels, dishes

  1. Human immune carriers – “Thypoid Mary”

 

 

 

 

The Body’s Defense System

 

 

I.                     Nonspecific Defenses  -- act the _____________ way against ______ diseases regardless of nature of organisms causing it.

A.     Mechanical and Physical Barriers

1)      ____________ – 1st line of defense

2)      _____________, Oils, Waxes: contain poisons such as lactic acid.

3)      ________________ Membranes: in mouth and nose, trap microorganisms.

1)      Saliva and ____________: contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria.

B.     Chemical – defenses used after pathogen has entered body.

1)      _________________________ – hydrochloric acid.

2)      Interferons – proteins that trigger the production of an enzyme that enables a cell to recognize a virus and prevent it from _______________________.

3)      Complement – group of proteins in blood that attach to pathogen and help ________________ them.

4)      Inflammation – reaction by tissues to an ______________; produced by white blood cells (leukocytes)

Causes: ___________ , _________ , ________ , _______

5)      Phagocytosis – white blood cells, leukocytes, engulf pathogen and raises temperature

Two types of leukocytes

a)      neutrophils – WBC’s with irregular nuclei that ingest ____________ numbers of bacteria.

b)      macrophages – large WBC’s that engulf ____________numbers of bacteria.

 

fever – a ________________ not a disease.

 

                                          Pus – a  _____________________ containing;

1.   dead leukocytes

2.   platelets

3.      lymph

4.      dead bacteria

 

 

 

I.                    Types of Specific Defenses

 

Specific Defenses are cells or proteins produced by the body in ____________________ to an antigen

 

 Antigen – any __________________ protein substance

                             

                               Antibody – cells the body produces to _______________ antigens

 

 Lymphocyte – special WBC’s that exist as T-Cells and B –Cells

 

                              T-Cells – attack the antigen  _______________

B-Cells – produce chemicals that leave antigens

    _________________

 

1)      Primary Immune Response – develops in the bone marrow but differentiate in either the Thymus Gland (__-Cells) or the Bone Marrow (__-cells).

 

a)      Helper T-Cells  -  Distinguishes self from non-self.

 

b)      Memory T-Cells – T-cells that _________ in the blood to provide an _____________ response to new invasions of an antigen.

 

c)      Antibodies –  Y-shaped proteins that are made by B-cells; they bind to and ______________ them for ___________.

 

2)      Secondary Immune Response – reaction to a new invasion by the same pathogen.

 

a)      Memory T- and B-Cells-  reproduce quickly and _______________ infection

b)      Killer T-Cells – bind and kill cells to release pathogens

c)      Suppressor T-Cells – T-cells that _____________ B-cells from producing antibodies when the infection in _________________.

 

 

 

 

II.                 Immunity and Immune Disorders

 

 

Immunity – ability to ______________ diseases

a)      Natural Immunity – present at birth (___________)

b)      Acquired Immunity – ___________by vaccination, breast feeding or by having the disease

 

 

                              Immune System Disorders

 

1.      Allergy – reaction to harmless allergens – such as _________ or ____________ -  caused by suppressor cells not preventing B-cells from producing antibodies. This allows the allergens to bind with antibodies and release histamines

 

histamines – chemicals that cause sneezing, watery and itchy eyes

          and wheezing.

 

2.      Autoimmune Disease- immune system misreads its own cells as antigens and destroys them.

 

a.)    Lupus – ______________ blood vessels, heart and liver

b.)    Rheumatiod Arthritis – joints swell and ____________

c.)    Addison’s Disease – lack adrenal hormone, causes nausea, vomiting, fatigue and skin disorders

 

3.      Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -AIDS– caused by a virus that enters a ___________cell and becomes part of its ___________________ and rides along on its membranes undetected by antibodies possibly for up to ______ years.

 

*Secondary infections of AIDS patients such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Pneumonia cause death.