Biology 2

CHAPTER26 Objectives

THE ORIGINS OFEUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY

I

The Origins ofEukaryotic Diversity 465

OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the student should be able to:

I . List characteristics that distinguish protists from organisms in the other four kingdoms.

2 Explain why some biologists prefer to use the term undulipodia for eukaryotic flagella and cilia.

3 Briefly summarize and compare the two major models of eukaryotic origins, the autogenous

hypothesis and the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

4. Provide three major lines of evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

5. Explain why some critics are skeptical about the eubacterial origins for chloroplasts and

mitochondria.

6. Explain why modem biologists recommend expanding the original boundaries of the Kingdom

Protista.

7. Explain what is meant by the statement that the Kingdom Protista is a polyphyletic group.

8. List the six major protozoan phyla and distinguish among them based upon locomotor structures,

reproduction (asexual and sexual) and habitat.

9 Describe amoeboid movement.

10. Explain why the Phylum Apicomplexa is so named.

11. Outline the life cycle of Plasmodium.

12. Indicate the organism that causes African sleeping sickness and explain how it is spread and why it

is difficult to control.

13. Describe the function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater ciliates.

14. Distinguish between macronuclei and micronuclei.

15. Using diagrams, describe conjugation in Paramecium caudatum.

16. Explain how accessory pigments can be used to classify algae and determine phylogenetic

relationships among divisions.

17. Distinguish among the following algal divisions based upon pigments, cell wall components,

storage products, reproduction, number and position of flagella and habitat:

a. Dinoflagellata

b. Bacillariophyta

c. Chrysophyta

d. Phaeophyta

e. Rhodophyta

f. Chlorophyta

18. Describe three possible evolutionary trends that led to multicellularity in the Chlorophyta.

19. Outline the life cycles of Chlamydomonas, Ulva and Laminaria and indicate whether the stages are

haploid or diploid.

20. Distinguish between isogamy and oogamy; sporophyte and gametophyte; and isomorphic and

heteromorphic generations.

21. Compare the life cycles of plasmodial and cellular slime molds and describe the major differences

between them.

22. Provide evidence that the oomycetes are not closely related to true fungi.

23. Give examples of oomycetes and describe their economic importance.

24. Explain the most widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of multicellularity.