Biology 2
Ch.29
Objectives
Origin of
Animal Diversity
1.
List characteristics that
distinguish animals from organisms in the other four kingdoms.
2.
Distinguish between radial
and bilateral symmetry.
3.
Outline the major phylogenic
branches of the animal kingdom, which are based upon grade of organization;
symmetry and embryonic germ layers; absence or presence of a body cavity; and
protostome-deuterostome dichotomy.
4.
Distinguish among
acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.
5.
Distinguish between spiral
and radial cleavage; determinant and indeterminate cleavage; schizocoelous and
entercoelous.
6.
Compare developmental
differences between protostomes and deuterostomes including:
a. Plane of cleavage. c. Fate of the blastopore.
b. Determination. d. Coelom formation.
7.
From a diagram, identify the
parts of a sponge and describe the function of each including.
8.
List characteristics of the
Phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
9.
Describe the two basic body
plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles.
10.
List the three classes of
Cnidaria and distinguish among them based upon life cycle and morphological
characteristics.
11.
List characteristics of the
Phylum Ctenophora that distinguish it from the other animal phyla.
12.
List characteristics that
are shared by all bilaterally symmetrical animals.
13.
List characteristics of the
Phylum Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
14.
Distinguish among the four
classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each.
15.
Describe the generalized
life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes
humans.
16.
Describe the anatomy and
generalized life cycle of a tapeworm.
17.
List distinguishing
characteristics descriptive of the Phylum Nemertea.
18.
Explain why biologists
believe proboscis worms evolved from flatworms.
19.
Describe features of
digestive and circulatory systems that have evolved in the Nemertea and are not
found in other acoelomate phyla.
20.
Describe unique features of
rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates.
21.
Define parthenogenesis and
describe alternative forms of rotifer reproduction.
22.
List characteristics of the
phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other pseudocoelomates.
23.
Give examples of both
parasitic and free-living species of nematodes.
24.
List characteristics that
distinguish the Phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla.
25.
Describe the basic body plan
of a mollusk and explain how it has been modified in the Polyplaceophora,
Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda.
26.
Distinguish among the
following four Molluscan classes and give examples of each:
a. Polyplacophora c. Bivalvia
b.
Gastropoda d. Cephalopoda
27.
Explain why some zoologist
believe the mollusks evolved from ancestral annelids while others propose that
mollusks arose from flatworm-like ancestors.
28.
List characteristics that distinguish
the Phylum Annelida from the other animal phyla.
29.
Explain how a fluid-filled
septate coelom is used by annelids for burrowing.
30.
Distinguish among the
classes of annelids and give examples of each.
31.
List characteristics of
anthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla.
32.
Describe advantages and
disadvantages of an exoskeleton.
33.
Distinguish between hemocoel
and coelom.
34.
Provide evidence for an
evolutionary link between the Annelida and Arthropoda.
35.
Describe major independent
arthropod lines of evolution represented by the subphyla:
a.
Trilobitomorpha c. Crustacea
b.
Cheliceriformes d. Uniramia
36.
Explain what arthropod structure
was a preadaptation for living on land.
37.
Distinguish among the
following arthropod classes and give an example of each:
a.
Arachnida d. Chilopoda
b.
Crustacea e. Inescta
c. Diplopoda
38.
Distinguish between
incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis.
39.
Define lophophore and list
three lophophhorate phyla.
40.
Explain why lophophore are
difficult to assign as protostomes or deuterosomes.
41.
List at least four
characteristics shared by the deuterostome phyla that distinguish them from
protostomes.
42.
List characteristics of
echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.
43.
Describe the structures and
functions of a water vascular system including ring canal, radial canal, tube
feet, and ampulla.
44.
Distinguish among the five
classes of echinoderms and give examples of each.
45.
Compare and contrast two
hypotheses about animals origins from unicellular ancestors: syncytial
hypothesis and colonial hypothesis.
46.
Explain why it is difficult to resolve what the first animal
looked like.
47.
Describe two views about
discontinuities Ediacaran and Cambrian fauna.