Biology 2
Ch.44
Objectives
Nervous System
1.
Compare the two coordinating
systems in animals.
2.
Describe the three major
functions of the nervous system.
3.
List and describe the three
major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each.
4.
Explain how neurons can be
classified by function.
5.
Describe the function and
location of each type of supporting cell.
6.
Explain what a resting
potential is, and list four factors that contribute to the maintenance of the
resting potential.
7.
Define equilibrium
potential, and explain why the K+ equilibrium potential is more negative than
the resting potential.
8.
Describe graded potential,
end explain how it is different from a resting potential or action potential.
9.
Describe the characteristic
of an action potential, and explain the role membrane permeability changes and
ion gates play in the generation of an action potential.
10.
Explain how the action
potential is propagated along a neuron.
11.
Describe two ways to
increase the effectiveness of nerve transmission.
12.
Describe synaptic
transmission across an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse.
13.
Describe the role of
cholinesterase and explain what would happen if acetylcholine were not
destroyed.
14.
List some other possible
neurotransmitters.
15.
Define neuromodulator and
describe how it may affect nerve transmission.
16.
Explain how excitatory
postsynaptic potential(EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic (IPSP) affect the
postsynaptic membrane potential.
17.
Explain how a neuron
integrates incoming information, including a description of summation.
18.
List three criteria for a
compound to be considered a neurotransmitter.
19.
List two classes of
neuropeptides and explain how they illustrate overlap between endocrine and
nervous control.
20.
Describe two mechanisms by
which a neurotransmitter affects the postsynaptic cell.
21.
Diagram or describe the
three major patterns of neural circuits.
22.
Compare and contrast the nervous system of the following
invertebrates and explain how variation in design and complexity correlate with
phylogeny, natural history and habitat.
a. Hydra d. Annelids and arthropods
b. Jellyfish, ctenophores and echinoderms e. Mollusks.
c. Flatworms
23.
Outline the divisions of the
vertebrate nervous system.
24.
Distinguish between sensory(afferent)
nerves and motor(efferent) nerves.
25.
Define reflex and describe
the pathway of a simple spinal reflex.
26.
Distinguish between the
functions of the automatic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
27.
List the major components of
the central nervous system.
28.
Distinguish between white
matter and gray matter.
29.
Describe three major trends
in the evolution of the vertebrate brain.
30.
From a diagram, identify and
describe the functions of the major structures of the human brain:
a. Medulla oblongata. e. Telencephalon. h.
Hypothalamus.
b. Pons. f.
Diencephalon. i. Cerebral cortex.
c. Cerebellum.
g. Thalamus j. Corpus Callosum
d. Superior and
inferior colliculi
31.
Explain how electrical
activity of the brain can be measured and distinguished among alpha, beta,
theta, and delta waves.
32.
Describe the
sleep-wakefulness cycle, the associated EEG changes, and the parts of the brain
that control sleep and arousal.
33.
Define lateralization and
describe the role of the corpus callosum.
34.
Describe the positions and
functions of Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area.
35.
Distinguish between
short-term and long-term memory.
36.
Using a flowchart, outline a
possible memory pathway in the brain.